Study Baaed on the Role Differentiation Perspective of Rice Farmers in the Production Processes Outsourcing Behavior -A Survey in Three Counties of Jiangsu Province

在对江苏省溧水、靖江、洪泽三地水稻种植户实地调研的基础上,利用Logistic模型对影响水稻种植户生产环节外包行为的主要因素进行实证分析,结论为户主性别、受教育程度、是否拥有一门手艺、家庭劳动力构成、家庭收入结构等因素能显著影响农户的外包行为。又比较了各因素对示范户与非示范户影响大小的差异,发现示范户受到各因素影响敏感程度明显低于非示范户,这可能是由于示范户种植惯性大于非示范户造成的。     

Tencel与蚕蛹蛋白纤维/Modal混纺纱交织宽幅缎条织物的开发

探讨生产以Tencel短纤纱为经纱,以蚕蛹蛋白纤维/Modal混纺纱为纬纱的宽幅缎条织物的工艺要点,通过合理设计整经、浆纱以及织造各工序的工艺参数,在宽幅喷气织机上成功开发生产出Tencel与蚕蛹蛋白纤维/Modal混纺纱交织高密宽幅缎条织物,织机效率达87%,入库一等品率达92.5%。     

不同预处理方法对稻壳酶解效果的比较研究

首次将爆米花机用于稻壳的预处理,与3%NaOH、3%氨水、3%H2SO4、5%氨水煮沸处理以及微波处理法比较。结果表明,相对于未处理稻壳,经以上方法处理后的稻壳酶解率分别提高了258.50%、395.55%、177.53%、168.62%、130.16%、50.61%。其中爆米花机处理法因爆稻壳是爆谷花的副产物而相对成本低,且绿色环保,因而是一种可放大到工业化生产的预处理方法。     

仿栗籽蛋白的提取工艺研究

选择纤维素酶与木瓜蛋白酶复合对仿栗籽蛋白进行提取,以蛋白提取率为指标,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,仿栗籽蛋白的最佳提取工艺条件为:总加酶量500 U/g,纤维素酶与木瓜蛋白酶的酶活力配比5∶5,料液比1∶25,酶解温度60℃,酶解时间120 min,酶解pH8.0。该条件下仿栗籽蛋白提取率为74.33%。     

提取方式对大米蛋白调控血脂水平作用效果的影响

目的:探讨不同提取方式对大米蛋白调控血脂水平的影响效果。方法:分别给7周龄雄性Wistar幼鼠投喂粗蛋白为20%的酪蛋白及经碱法(RP-A)、酶法(RP-E)提取的大米蛋白14 d后,检测各组实验鼠血浆总胆固醇(TCH)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C)、三酰甘油(TG)等血脂水平以及HDL/TG比例和动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)。结果:RP-A和RP-E组实验鼠体重增加量及血浆TCH显著低于酪蛋白组(P<0.05)。实验各组间血浆HDL-C水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照酪蛋白,RP-E显著降低了实验鼠AI及血浆TG、non-HDL-C水平(P<0.05),显著提高了HDL/TG比例(P<0.05);而RP-A与酪蛋白组间AI、TG、non-HDL及HDL/TG比例等检测指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:大米蛋白具有调控血脂水平的作用效果,其提取方式是大米蛋白调控血脂水平影响因素之一。     

The political ecology of rice intensification in south India: Putting SRI in its places

The system of rice intensification (SRI) has been promoted across Asia as a means to improve rice yields while decreasing water use and external inputs. It is argued to be a generalisable means by which to revalidate smallholder livelihoods and improve food security across the region. Current debates about SRI, however, remain predominantly technical in scope, focusing on field‐level outcomes. To more adequately understand the potential of SRI for smallholder farmers, we argue that it is necessary to situate SRI within a political ecology framework that addresses how the adoption and practice of SRI is shaped by uneven access to key assets including labour, water, and extension networks. Fieldwork conducted in Mahabubnagar district in Telangana, south India—where SRI had been widely disadopted despite the achievement of higher yields—is used to illustrate why agronomic analysis must engage directly with the complex social contexts in which farmers operate.     

A paradigm shift in African agricultural research for development: the role of innovation platforms

To demonstrate the development impact of their outputs, agricultural research and development (R&D) organizations used to focus on the efficiency and effectiveness of technologies. In recent years, innovation systems thinking has started to address institutional and organizational barriers to technological change in African agriculture. The main approach used has been the multi-stakeholder innovation platform (IP). This paper analyses the requirements for improving the competence and skills of IPs actors in agricultural value chains, food systems, and natural resource management. As case studies, it uses IPs in the maize and cassava value chains that were initiated in the dissemination of new agricultural technologies in Africa (DONATA), in both West and Central Africa, and made reference to the rice IPs facilitated by AfricaRice. Yields and incomes in maize and cassava IPs significantly increased and inter-actor relationships and behavioural change among the diverse social and economic operators were enhanced. This achievement built on three capacity development interventions: (i) learning workshops that sensitized and informed technocrats and policy-makers and nurtured their involvement and ownership, (ii) competence and skill training of IP facilitators and practitioners, and (iii) coaching and mentoring of these facilitators and practitioners. To better facilitate IPs, facilitators and practitioners need to learn to observe, recreate, test, and perfect the IP process and value chain approach. Practicable tools that can be visualized and put into practice by the IP actors are essential. The DONATA on which the paper is based has been invaluable in terms of experiential learning.     

水稻机械化生产存在的问题及解决对策

发展水稻机械化生产的今天,如何发挥机械效能,提高标准化栽培技术水准,使水稻生产效益最大化,是目前水稻生产的首要问题。经过几年的生产实践及经验教训,水稻全程机械化生产存在许多问题值得研究探索与总结完善。     

基于比较优势的中国稻谷生产布局研究

文章基于综合比较优势指数法,对2007年中国稻谷、早籼稻、中籼稻、晚籼稻、粳稻的规模优势指数、效率优势指数、效益优势指数及综合优势指数进行了测算分析。在此基础上,从比较优势的角度对中国稻谷生产布局进行了科学、合理规划。     

Profit Based Efficiency Measures,with an Application to Rice Production in Southern India

Using non‐parametric methods, we estimate the foregone rents due to credit, allocative, and technical inefficiencies of subsistence farmers in Southern India. The lost rents are estimated directly from the Nerlovian efficiency index, and the results suggest the largest foregone rents derive from allocative inefficiencies and then credit inefficiencies. Also, results suggest that farms without well access experience larger losses than those with well access. Econometric results suggest education, the presence of tank water management efforts, and well access influence the level of foregone rent due to allocative and Nerlovian inefficiencies. Educational activities and policies to encourage better management of tanks are considered important for lowering the foregone losses.